Like Pare, Vesalius wanted to ensure that his book was as accessible as possible, which is why it contained over 200 high-quality illustrations by skilled artists who were clearly present during the dissections. More than that, Vesalius based all of his observations on his own personal human dissections, so he also urged doctors to take a hands-on approach to medicine.ДЇortunately, Vesalius also had some powerful supporters (like Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire), which ensured that his book became one of the most important anatomy publications of all time. In 1543, Vesalius wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body, which showed conclusively that Galen was wrong on several points regarding the human anatomy. It wasnвЂ™t until the 16th century that GalenвЂ™s teachings were challenged by another publication by Dutch anatomist Andreas Vesalius. The man was so respected that his notions remained mostly unchallenged for centuries. However, we are still talking about the second century here, so Galen got a lot of stuff wrong. He became renowned for his insight into the inner workings of the human body, which he gained primarily through dissections on animals. Primarily a physician and surgeon, GalenвЂ™s medical accomplishments are almost on par with those of Hippocrates. That way, all the less educated barber-surgeons would be able to learn what he had to say.Д¬laudius Galenus (or simply Galen) was one of the most important scientists of ancient Greece. Furthermore, Pare brought attention to his ideas through a very simple yet unconventional method-he wrote in French instead of Latin. Pare showed the world there were less agonizing alternatives to cauterization and continued his trend by also popularizing the use of ligatures after amputations. To his surprise, the next day, the soldiers treated with his new recipe were in much better shape. One day, he ran out of boiling oil to treat injured soldiers, so he created a tincture using rose oil, egg yolks, and turpentine. In 1536, during the Italian War, Pare was serving as a war surgeon. Even so, the chances of the patient surviving the ordeal were slim. The surgeon would use boiling oil to seal gunshot wounds. One of the most painful but essential procedures was cauterization. Pain was expected with most medical procedures, and it wasnвЂ™t uncommon for it to be so excruciating that patients would pass out in the middle of the operation. It was more of a вЂњyou either live or you dieвЂќ scenario. During that time, the pain suffered by a patient wasnвЂ™t of paramount concern to medical professionals. During the 16th century, he served four different French kings, and before that, he was a pioneer of battlefield medicine. One of the most famous barber-surgeons in history was Ambroise Pare. But on a more serious note, this also helped legitimize surgery, and physicians started looking at it as a viable alternative. All of a sudden, having an anal fistula became the latest trend in France, and many courtiers approached Felix, demanding the royal surgery to imitate the king. The procedure went well, and King Louis showered Felix with wealth and titles. After practicing on 75 alleged volunteers from FranceвЂ™s prisons, Felix perfected two instruments with which to perform the surgery-a spreader and a scraper. He received around six months to prepare and was told to come up with a procedure to ease the kingвЂ™s suffering. The barber in question was named Charles-Francois Felix. Back then, physicians considered surgery beneath them, so the practice was usually left to barbers since they were skilled with a blade. Perhaps in an act of desperation, the king did something unusual for that time-he turned to a barber-surgeon.

And in 1686, the king was stricken with a very painful anal fistula that would not go away despite all the enemas and poultices that were the accepted practice at the time.

He suffered from headaches, gout, periostitis, and (some also suspect) diabetes. Despite enjoying a very lengthy reign of 72 years (also earning the moniker вЂњthe Sun KingвЂќ), Louis was not a healthy man. Specifically, we are talking about Louis XIV, king of France. The year is 1686, and the king has a pain in the butt.

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